《自然》（20240314出版）一周論文導讀

原文地址：http://news.sciencenet.cn/htmlnews/2024/3/519183.shtm

編譯 | 李言

Nature, 14 March 2024, Volume 627 Issue 8003

《自然》2024年3月14日，第627卷，8003期

天文學Astronomy

A dynamical measure of the black hole mass in a quasar 11 billion years ago

110億年前類星體中黑洞質量的動態測量

▲ 作者：R. Abuter, F. Allouche et al.

▲ 鏈接：

https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-024-07053-4

▲ 摘要：

在此，我們通過空間解析寬線區域（BLR），報告了一個在紅移為2的發光類星體中回顧了110億年前的黑洞質量的動態測量。我們在Hα線的紅色和藍色的光圈之間檢測出一個40微弧秒（0.31 pc）的空間偏移，它跟蹤了旋轉BLR的速度梯度。

在一個質量為3.2?×?108太陽質量的中心黑洞的影響范圍內，一個厚實、適度傾斜的氣體云盤再現了通量和微分相光譜。分子氣體數據顯示，宿主星系的動態質量為6?×?1011?太陽質量，顯示一個質量不足的黑洞以超愛丁頓速率吸積。這表明有一個宿主星系比SMBH增長得更快，顯示在某些系統中，星系和黑洞形成之間可能存在延遲。

▲ Abstract：

Here we report a dynamical measurement of the mass of the black hole in a luminous quasar at a redshift of 2, with a look back in time of 11?billion years, by spatially resolving the broad-line region (BLR). We detect a 40-μas (0.31-pc) spatial offset between the red and blue photocentres of the Hα line that traces the velocity gradient of a rotating BLR. The flux and differential phase spectra are well reproduced by a thick, moderately inclined disk of gas clouds within the sphere of influence of a central black hole with a mass of 3.2?×?108?solar masses. Molecular gas data reveal a dynamical mass for the host galaxy of 6?×?1011?solar masses, which indicates an undermassive black hole accreting at a super-Eddington rate. This suggests a host galaxy that grew faster than the SMBH, indicating a delay between galaxy and black hole formation for some systems.

Buoyant crystals halt the cooling of white dwarf stars

浮力晶體阻止了白矮星的冷卻

▲ 作者：Antoine Bédard, Simon Blouin & Sihao Cheng  (程思浩)

▲ 鏈接：

https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-024-07102-y

▲ 摘要：

在此，我們展示了蒸餾中斷了數十億年的冷卻，并解釋了不尋常的延遲星系族的所有觀測特性。其亮度穩定超過了一些主序星，這些白矮星打破了傳統的死亡恒星形象。

我們的研究結果強調了特殊合并殘余的存在，并對使用白矮星以確定恒星族的年代具有深遠影響。

▲ Abstract：

Here we show that distillation interrupts the cooling for billions of years and explains all the observational properties of the unusual delayed population. With a steady luminosity surpassing that of some main-sequence stars, these white dwarfs defy their conventional portrayal as dead stars. Our results highlight the existence of peculiar merger remnants and have profound implications for the use of white dwarfs in dating stellar populations.

生物學Biology

Genomic data in the All of Us Research Program

“我們所有人”研究項目的基因組數據

▲ 作者：The All of Us Research Program Genomics Investigators

▲ 鏈接：

https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-023-06957-x

▲ 摘要：

這里，我們展示了245388個臨床級基因組序列的項目基因組學數據發布。這一資源的多樣性是獨一無二的，因為77%的參與者來自歷史上在生物醫學研究中代表性不足的社區，46%的參與者來自代表性不足的種族和少數民族。

“我們所有人”項目確認了超過10億個遺傳變異，其中包括超過2.75億個以前未報告的遺傳變異，其中超過390萬個具有編碼結果。利用基因組數據和縱向電子健康記錄之間的聯系，我們評估了與117種疾病相關的3724種遺傳變異，發現歐洲血統和非洲血統的參與者都有很高的復制率。

摘要級數據是公開的，個人級數據可以由研究人員通過All of Us Researcher Workbench訪問，使用獨特的數據護照模型，從最初的研究人員注冊到數據訪問的中位數時間為29小時。我們預計，這個多樣化的數據集將為所有人推進基因組醫學研究前景。

▲ Abstract：

Here we describe the programme’s genomics data release of 245,388 clinical-grade genome sequences. This resource is unique in its diversity as 77% of participants are from communities that are historically under-represented in biomedical research and 46% are individuals from under-represented racial and ethnic minorities. All of Us identified more than 1?billion genetic variants, including more than 275?million previously unreported genetic variants, more than 3.9?million of which had coding consequences. Leveraging linkage between genomic data and the longitudinal electronic health record, we evaluated 3,724 genetic variants associated with 117 diseases and found high replication rates across both participants of European ancestry and participants of African ancestry. Summary-level data are publicly available, and individual-level data can be accessed by researchers through the All of Us Researcher Workbench using a unique data passport model with a median time from initial researcher registration to data access of 29?hours. We anticipate that this diverse dataset will advance the promise of genomic medicine for all.

氣候科學Climate Science

Drought triggers and sustains overnight fires in North America

干旱持續引發北美夜間火災

▲ 作者：Kaiwei Luo, Xianli Wang, Mark de Jong & Mike Flannigan

▲ 鏈接：

https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-024-07028-5

▲ 摘要：

在此，我們證明了干旱條件引發夜火，而這是形成大型活火的關鍵機制。我們利用地球靜止衛星數據和地面火災記錄，研究了2017年—2020年北美23557起火災的每小時晝夜周期，并確定了1095起徹夜燃燒事件（OBEs）。總共99%的OBEs與大面積火災（大于1000公頃）有關，其中20%的大火中至少發現了一次OBEs。

起火后OBEs會較早發生，頻率與火災大小呈正相關。盡管氣候變暖正在削弱夜間火災的氣候屏障，但我們發現，最近大型火災中OBEs的主要驅動因素是燃料干燥和可用性的累積（即干旱條件），這往往會導致單次野火事件中連續數天甚至數周的OBEs。重要的是，我們表明白天干旱指標可以預測是否會在第二天晚上發生OBE，這可以促進夜間火災的早期發現和管理。

▲ Abstract：

Here we demonstrate that drought conditions promote overnight burning, which is a key mechanism fostering large active fires. We examined the hourly diurnal cycle of 23,557 fires and identified 1,095 overnight burning events (OBEs, each defined as a night when a fire burned through the night) in North America during 2017–2020 using geostationary satellite data and terrestrial fire records. A total of 99% of OBEs were associated with large fires (>1,000?ha) and at least one OBE was identified in 20% of these large fires. OBEs were early onset after ignition and OBE frequency was positively correlated with fire size. Although warming is weakening the climatological barrier to night-time fires, we found that the main driver of recent OBEs in large fires was the accumulated fuel dryness and availability (that is, drought conditions), which tended to lead to consecutive OBEs in a single wildfire for several days and even weeks. Critically, we show that daytime drought indicators can predict whether an OBE will occur the following night, which could facilitate early detection and management of night-time fires. 

能源科學Energy Science

US oil and gas system emissions from nearly one million aerial site measurements

從近一百萬個空中站點測量美國石油和天然氣系統排放量

▲ 作者：Evan D. Sherwin, Jeffrey S. Rutherford et al.

▲ 鏈接：

https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-024-07117-5

▲ 摘要：

我們將大約100萬次空中現場測量數據整合到美國六個地區的區域排放清單中，這些地區包括了15次空中區域中52%的陸上石油和29%的天然氣產量。我們為每一個構建完整的排放分布，采用經驗為基礎的模擬來估計少量排放情況。估計的總排放量范圍從高產、富氣地區天然氣產量的0.75%（95% CI ?0.65%, 0.84%）到快速擴張、石油集中地區的9.63%（95% CI 9.04%, 10.39%）。

六個地區的加權平均值為2.95% （95% CI 2.79%, 3.14%），約為政府庫存估計值的三倍。在15次調查中，只有的11次的調查中0.05%—1.66%的井場貢獻了大部分井場排放量（50%—79%）。包括管道在內的附屬中游設施貢獻了估計區域排放量的18%—57%，同樣集中在少數點源。這里量化的排放加起來，每年損失約10億美元的商業天然氣價值，每年造成93億美元的社會成本。

▲ Abstract：

We integrate approximately one million aerial site measurements into regional emissions inventories for six regions in the USA, comprising 52% of onshore oil and 29% of gas production over 15?aerial campaigns. We construct complete emissions distributions for each, employing empirically grounded simulations to estimate small emissions. Total estimated emissions range from 0.75% (95% confidence interval (CI)?0.65%, 0.84%) of covered natural gas production in a high-productivity, gas-rich region to 9.63% (95% CI 9.04%, 10.39%) in a rapidly expanding, oil-focused region. The six-region weighted average is 2.95% (95% CI 2.79%, 3.14%), or roughly three times the national government inventory estimate. Only 0.05–1.66% of well sites contribute the majority (50–79%) of well site emissions in 11 out of 15?surveys. Ancillary midstream facilities, including pipelines, contribute 18–57% of estimated regional emissions, similarly concentrated in a small number of point sources. Together, the emissions quantified here represent an annual loss of roughly US$1?billion in commercial gas value and a US$9.3?billion annual social cost. 

地球科學Earth science

Mutualisms weaken the latitudinal diversity gradient among oceanic islands

互利共生削弱了海洋島嶼間的緯度多樣性梯度

▲ 作者：Camille S. Delavaux, Thomas W. Crowther et al.

▲ 鏈接：

https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-024-07110-y

▲ 摘要：

在此，我們使用一個獨特的全球數據集來顯示海洋島嶼上的維管植物表現出減弱的緯度多樣性梯度（LDG），并探索這種影響的潛在機制。我們的研究結果表明，島嶼生物地理學的傳統物理驅動因素——即面積和隔離——導致了特定緯度上島嶼和大陸多樣性的差異（即島嶼物種赤字），因為更小更遙遠的島嶼經歷了較少的殖民化。

然而，具有共生關系的植物物種在島嶼上的代表性不足，我們發現這種植物共生過濾器比非生物因素更能解釋島嶼物種赤字的變化。尤其是，需要動物授粉者或微生物共同主義者，如肝菌根真菌的植物物種，對赤道附近的島嶼物種逆差產生不成比例的貢獻，這種影響隨離赤道的距離增加而減少。

在大陸物種豐富度最高的低緯度地區，植物相互作用對物種豐富度的過濾作用特別強，削弱了海洋島嶼的LDG。

▲ Abstract：